Dickens reveals the society's ignorance towards the poor and suggests this can lead to doom through constructing Ignorance and Want. He also presents the struggles of the Cratchit family in order to criticize the Malthusian view that the poor is "surplus." Finally, Dickens uses constructs the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come to encourage his middle-class employers to pay a higher wage to their employees. During Scrooge's journey with the Ghost of Christmas Present, he sees "smooth white sheet of snow upon the roofs" . The untouched "smooth" snow could symbolize the wealthy upper and middle class who are pristine, isolated, and seemingly perfect, just as Scrooge with his vast wealth and remains detached from society. The "dirtier" snow on the ground that are trampled by pedestrians could symbolize the struggling of the poor who are constantly disregarded and mistreated. The "smooth" snow being on the roof and the "dirtier" snow on the ground could also symbolize how the middle and upper classes look down on the working class. This juxtaposition between the "dirtier" and "smooth" could symbolize inequality in society. Through that, Dickens highlights the harsh reality of Victorian social inequality, where the rich live in comfort while the poor suffers. In the extract, Dickens contructs "Ignorance" and "Want" to reveal the products of this social inequality in the Victorian era. Dickens uses a list of adjectives "meagre, ragged, scowling, wolfish" to describe Ignorance and Want. This semantic field of poverty and hyperbole highlights the suffering of the poor. The animalist imagery "wolfish" suggests the poor is almost dehumanized by the rich. This is reinforced when the "menacing" Ignorance and Want are described to be "Man's", suggesting that "man" is the cause of suffering of Ignorance and Want. Through this, Dickens advocates for a fairer society and may also be criticising the child labour that was common during the 19th century. The Ghost of Christmas Present sees that "Doom" is written on Ignorance's brow. The noun "Doom" is perhaps a warning of crime, civil unrest and revolution, and foreshadows the actual European revolutions of 1848. Through this, Dickens suggests if we fail to prevent the injustices of child labor, it will lead to illiteracy, low wages and unemployment. Dickens extends the Cratchit family as seemingly content through the joyful tone and semantic field of religion, with propasals of "God bless us" and complaints deemed "heresy." The noun "heresy" is a crime against the Church, and by extension God. This highlights the closeness and joy in the family. The constant use of religious imagery would resonate with a Victorian readers, many of whom were devout Christians and as such would immediately recognizes the Cratchits as a morally good family. However, Marxist critics would argue religion is a construct made for the purpose of keeping the working class in order. By highlighting the Cratchits as a religious one, Dickens is showing their lack of control and the oppression by the upper class. However, as Dickens himself was a devout Christian and was appealing to a predominantly Christian readers. It is more likely that he is instead showing the Cratchits in a positive light through the use of the semantic field of religion. Their joyfulness is emphasized when "nobody said or thought it was at all a small pudding for a large family" which highlights how small the pudding is. However, the tone entirely changes to a melancholy tone when "Bob [holds] [Tiny TIm's] withered little hand... dreaded that he might be taken from him". THe verb "taken" highlights the lack of control the Cratchits, and by extension the poor, have over their lives. The verb "taken" also foreshadows stave Four where Tiny Tim is "taken" from them. The juxtaposition of "withered" and "little" implies how the innocent Tiny Tim has been prematurely aged by the society's neglect. This melancholy tone is also seen in stave Four where the usual chaotic household with Tiny TIm crying "Hurrah!" becomes "Quiet. Very quiet.". This juxtaposition and the repetition of "quiet" highlights the grief that the Cratchits feel. Through this, Dickens emphasizes the struggles of the poor in Victorian England and shows the wrongs in Malthusian theory. Malthusian theory states that the poor should not be fed as otherwise there will be a "surplus population", which is embodied by Scrooge. By presenting and building up the Cratchits' grief, Dickens evokes sympathy from us and exposes the immoral views of Malthusian theory. The Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come reveals the problems with low wages. He brings Scrooge to see the tradespeople, the "laundress", "charwoman" and "undertaker's man". They "meet there without meaning it", implying that they are embarrassed at their crimes. They talk with "gallantry" which suggests they are polite to each other. This implies criminals are not evil, but driven to crime by poverty due to low wages. Old Joe is "nearly seventy years of age" yet he still has to make profit from crime because of his poverty. Through this, Dickens reveals that the poor suffers from low wages and are forced to be criminals in order to to encourage the wealthy readers who are probably employers –due to the price of his novella being set to five shillings – to carae more about their employees and question themselves if they have paid enough wages to them. In conclusion, Dickens highlights how social inequality and low wages leads to crime and civil unrest. By constructing Cratchit's family, Dickens evokes sympathy from us and criticizes the wrongs in Malthusian theory.